First published in 1957, The Family Life of Old People opens with the question: Are old people isolated from their families? Thereafter, the author describes the results of intensive interviews with people of pensionable age in Bethnal Green in East London. Part one shows that most people are members of closely-knit extended families of three generations, often living in separate households in adjoining streets. The life of these families is of absorbing interest and the social structure of the home, the system of family care and the domestic, economic and social relationships between husbands and their wives, and between old people and their children and brothers and sisters, are carefully analysed. Part two discusses the social problems of old age against this background. This book will be of interest to students of sociology and gerontology.

When originally published in 1988, this book presented new evidence of inequalities in health found among communities in different areas of the North of England. It relates this evidence to long-term trends taking place in patterns of health in Britain as a whole and explores how far health inequalities can be explained by variations in material deprivation. The book provides a detailed examination of the correlation between health and wealth, or ill-health and deprivation in Britain in the 20th century but the book has an enduring relevance as the Covid Pandemic has once again shown that regional disparities in wealth have profound outcomes for health. The book is of significance for health professionals, social services and those planner and politicians concerned with levelling up.

First published in 1964, The Last Refuge originated from the author's visit to a Victorian workhouse which had become an Institution for old people. A visit that was to show frightful overcrowding in sparsely furnished dormitories. Day-rooms bleak and uninviting in which sat watery-eyed and feeble men, their spirit and pride drained away by the hopelessness of the surroundings. The many unexpected conditions Professor Townsend found led him to undertake this major enquiry into the question "Are communal homes for the aged necessary in our community and if so, what form should they take?" Visits were paid to a random sample of 173 residential institutions and homes, and welfare officers, matrons and elderly residents were interviewed. The general conclusion was that communal homes of the kind that existed in England and Wales did not adequately meet the physical, psychological and social needs of the old people living in them and required immediate alternative services and living arrangements. This book will be of interest to students of sociology, social care, public policy and gerontology.

Robert and Helen Lynd's "Middletown" set the format in sociological theory and practice for hundreds of studies in the decades following its publication in 1929. "Old People in Three Industrial Societies" may well set similar standards for studies in its field for many years to come. In addition to achieving a significant breakthrough in the progress of sociological research techniques, the book offers a monumental cross-cultural exposition of the health, family relationships, and social and economic status of the aged in three countries-the United States, Britain, and Denmark.

The accumulated data of this survey put to the acid test many of the stereotyped notions about the situation of the elderly: for example, that most old people are isolated from their families as well as from the society at large; that most old people want to continue to work and are barred from employment only because of prejudices against them in industry and because of fixed retirement and pension ages; that all old people live in poor economic conditions. Besides rectifying views held by many social scientists, this pathbreaking work provides empirically based answers to numerous questions regarding important features of aging, which can be studied irrespective of the broader national and social patterns that surround them.

A truly collaborative survey conducted in three countries by a team of sociologists and economists working from a similar point of view and with common methods, the book gives the newest information and viewpoints in this important field. This makes it mandatory reading and an invaluable aid for all involved in the study, treatment, and counseling of the aged. "Old People in Three Industrial Societies," will be a valuable guide for all social research underlying the development and implementation of social policy.

First published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This is a survey of the author's work on the subject of international poverty, covering his contribution to the debate on the conceptualization and measurement of poverty. The theoretical sections of the book are illustrated with more empirical observations about trends in poverty in both Third and First World contexts. The book also defines the poverty line, looks at international concepts of poverty and examines cases in India, Kenya, Europe and the UK.

World poverty is an important book offering fresh insights into how to tackle poverty worldwide. With contributions from leading scholars in the field both internationally and in the UK, the book asks whether existing international and national policies are likely to succeed in reducing poverty across the world. It concludes that they are not and that a radically different international strategy is needed. This book is a companion volume to Breadline Europe: The measurement of poverty (The Policy Press, 2001). The focus of World poverty is on anti-poverty policies rather than the scale, causes and measurement of poverty. A wide range of countries is discussed including countries such as China and India, which have rarely been covered elsewhere. The interests of the industrialised and developing world are given equal attention and are analysed together. Policies intended to operate at different levels - international, regional, national and sub-national - ranging from the policies of international agencies like the UN and the World Bank through to national governments, groups of governments and local and city authorities - are examined. Key aspects of social policy, like 'targeting' and means-testing, de-regulation and privatisation, are considered in detail. World poverty will become a definitive point of reference for anyone working, studying or researching in the poverty field. Studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion series Series Editor: David Gordon, Director, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research. Poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. This exciting series, published in association with the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research at the University of Bristol, aims to make cutting-edge poverty related research more widely available. For other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page.

This book contains mainly a selection of papers that were presented at the International Workshop on High Performance Computing/or Computer Graphics and Visualisation, held in Swansea, United Kingdom on 3-4 July 1995. The workshop was sponsored by the HEFCWI Initiative on *Parallel Computing - Foundations and Applications*, and it has provided the international computer graphics community with a platform for: * assessing and reviewing the impact of the development of high performance computing on the progress of computer graphics and visualisation; * presenting the current use of high performance computing architecture and software tools in computer graphics and visualisation, and the development of parallel graphics algorithms; * identifying potential high performance computing applications in computer graphics and visualisation, and encouraging members of the graphics community to think about their problems from the perspective of parallelism. The book is divided into six sections. The first section, which acts as the introduction of the book, gives an overview of the current state of the art It contains a comprehensive survey, by Whitman, of parallel algorithms for computer graphics and visualisation; and a discussion, by Hansen, on the past, present and future high performance computing applications in computer graphics and visualisation. The second section is focused on the design and implementation of high performance architecture, software tools and algorithms for surface rendering.

As 1961 dawned it would no longer be possible to spend a farthing! The last minted examples were issued in 1956, the first, in silver, having been issued in 1279! The Morris Minor had by now become a motoring legend and the one millionth example rolled off the production lines. On the railways, Dr Richard Beeching was appointed Chairman of the British Transport Commission - a decision that was to have considerable influence on the future of the network. The East Coast Main Line, for so long the domain of the 'A3s' and 'A4s' on express passenger services, saw the start of the diesel take-over. The 'Flying Scotsman' and 'Talisman' named expresses became predominantly 'Deltic'-hauled in the summer, and the gradual decline in steam dominance had begun.

It may be surprising to focus on and praise imperfection, but, in reality, perfection is a fiction. Every aspect of our technologies is based on understanding and exploiting imperfections in the materials we use. Imperfections are key to our use of metals, glass, electronics, computers, optical fibres, and building materials. Catalysis, as used throughout chemical industries, is dependent on imperfections, as are a wide range of modern advances in biology and medicine. This book provides examples in each area that are readily understandable to non-scientists but also aim to offer a far deeper insight into how the technologies and disciplines advance and operate. However, once we change our focus from idealised perfection to reality, the implications can extend far beyond the realm of the sciences. The second part of the book examines the importance of our ability to recognise and adapt to imperfections in such wide-ranging areas as cookery, successful career development, love, life, and the survival of humanity. Using a broad range of accessible examples, this book aims to give readers the tools to recognize technological imperfections and apply those lessons to improving several key aspects of our lives, crucially enabling them to define a world that will survive current excesses and environmental destruction.

Following the publication of the 1955 Modernisation Plan, which set out to establish the future of Britain's rail network, it seemed that the writing was on the wall for steam traction. With the "Beeching Report" the pace of change gathered speed, and the move to alternative traction was accompanied by considerable contraction of the network. The last steam locomotive built for British Railways, aptly named Evening Star, was outshopped from Swindon Works in 1960, and amazingly the last steam locomotives were withdrawn from service in August 1968! This decline from the mid-1950s forms the first part of this book, as hundreds upon hundreds of locomotives were sent to the breaker's yards. The scrap yards are the sombre location of the second section, which looks at these 'abattoirs of steam', where the vast majority of locomotives were despatched by the cutter's torch all too rapidly. However, among the scenes of devastation something remarkable was happening. Enthusiasts noticed that at one yard, old wagons were being cut up but locomotives were not. This was the remarkable yard of Dai Woodham at Barry Docks in South Wales - locomotives were going to Dai, but not to die! Thanks in large part to this remarkable man we are able to move to our third section, the preservation years, when locomotives were reserved, then purchased (often gradually) and eventually moved to fledgling preserved lines all over the country to be restored. Having been banned seemingly for ever, steam eventually returned to the main line, and the book concludes with a look at today's thriving heritage railway scene, with more than 8 million visitors a year - a fall and rise indeed!

Back in 1961 we were enjoying black and white television with shows such as "Ask Mr Pastry" (BBC), "Comedy Playhouse" (BBC), "Bootsie and Snudge" (Granada), "The Morecambe and Wise Show" (ATV), "The Avengers" (ABC), "Coronation Street" (Granada) and "The Rag Trade" (BBC), Dr Richard Beeching was taking up his post at the head of British Railways, the millionth Morris Minor was rolling off the production line, Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space, and Britain applied for membership of the EEC. It was an interesting year on the railways and in this second look at 1961 we start our review with a focus on London's Waterloo terminus, where steam still very much held sway. 'West Country' and 'Merchant Navy' 'Pacifics' are seen cheek by jowl with BR Standards. We continue the Southern theme with a visit to Southern sheds and turntables before embarking on a trip around the regions. We take in Birmingham and the Midlands, including Western and Midland scenes. Melton Mowbray contrasts with Leominster and the transition from steam to diesel railcars on branch lines in Herefordshire. A visit to Northern England and Scotland completes the mix.

The year started with the resignation of Sir Anthony Eden as Prime Minister following the Suez crisis of the previous year. Harold Macmillan, who prior to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948 had been a director of the Great Western Railway, became Prime Minister on 11 January. On the railways Simeon T. Webb, Casey Jones' fireman on the fateful 'Cannonball Express' in April 1900 passed away in Memphis at the age of 83. Nearer to home, the new numbering system was introduced whereby diesel locomotives carried a 'D' prefix and electrics an 'E' prefix, and 3rd Class was phased out, leaving just 1st and 2nd.

Takes us back to a time when steam had just four more years to run on Britain's railways and the 'Beeching Axe' was reshaping the rail network when many last trains were run as branch lines closed.

This was the year in which Winston Spencer Churchill resigned as Prime Minister to be replaced by Anthony Eden, the year in which James Dean was killed in a road traffic accident, and tragedy struck at the Le Mans 24-hour race where a collision between two cars led to the death of over 80 people and a least a further 100 injured. This was also the year that Vladimir Nabokov's controversial "Lolita" was published in Paris and Juan Peron lost power following a military coup in Argentina. Meanwhile, on the railways of Britain, the "1955 Modernisation Plan" was published. It is interesting therefore to see images within these pages of the railways during 1955 as a backdrop to these far reaching proposals. We start our journey in Northern Ireland where a degree of modernisation is already under way with diesel railcars already beginning to replace steam-hauled services, although ironically steam in Northern Ireland was to outlast the rest of the UK. A hop across the water finds us in the Isle of Man before we reach the Cambrian Coast route, where 'Dukedogs' could still be seen. A visit to Birmingham and the Midlands follows before we head north to Scotland, the Lake District and the North East.

This book both celebrates and commemorates the last four dramatic years of steam, recording both working locomotives, shed scenes and a selected number of routes, many of which closed during the period of examination, by way of illustrating the disappearing steam age railway. The views are nostalgic, poignant and cannot be repeated.

This was the year of the wedding of Charles and Diana, Ronald Reagan became the 40th President of the USA. On the railways the Tyne & Wear Metro opened, the HST network was expanding and loco-hauled passenger trains were on the decline.

The results of this report from a major international research project, funded by UNICEF, on child rights and child poverty in the developing world are shocking. They show that over one billion children - more than half the children in developing countries - suffer from severe deprivation of basic human need and over a third (674 million) suffer from absolute poverty. The study's findings indicate that considerably more emphasis needs to be placed on improving basic infrastructure and social services for families with children, particularly with regards to shelter, sanitation and safe drinking water in rural areas. Anti-poverty strategies need to respond to local conditions, as blanket solutions to eradicating child poverty will be unsuccessful. (REPORT)

Since 1990, the World Bank, most of the other international agencies and an increasing number of governments have committed themselves to the eradication of poverty. But the basis of their work badly needs overhaul and concerted verification. Breadline Europe provides a scientific and international basis for the analysis and reduction of poverty. It demonstrates that there is far more important research into the problem of poverty going on in many countries of Europe than the international agencies and national governments admit or even realise. Knowledge of the major scientific advances in research needs to be spread among other countries within as well as outside Europe. Breadline Europe has been written by a number of leading European poverty researchers and has three main themes: the need for a scientific poverty line: for better definition and measurement of what is the biggest and rapidly growing international social problem; the need for better theories distinguishing between poverty and social exclusion, with the corresponding policies calculated to diminish these problems;the need for better international social policy and for better policy-related analyses of poverty: for more exact analysis of the year-by-year contribution of specific policies to poverty. This is the first book to examine poverty in Europe within the international framework agreed at the 1995 World Summit on Social Development. Breadline Europe provides up-to-date, essential reading for social science undergraduates and postgraduate students. It will also be of considerable interest to policy makers and NGOs with a concern for poverty reduction.

Helps you to travel back to 1964, a time when the railway lines to Peel and Ramsey were still open.

1975 was the year in which Margaret Thatcher defeated Edward Heath to become leader of the Conservative Party, Charlie Chaplin was knighted by the Queen and the Vietnam War ended with the fall of Saigon. On the railways, two major accidents at Moorgate and Nuneaton resulted in considerable loss of life, and the prototype High Speed Train reached speeds in excess of 150mph on the London to Bristol main line.

Even in 1973 much of the steam infrastructure was still to be found, but as modernisation took hold diesels were being joined by electric locomotives in increasing numbers. This was the height of the 'loco-hauled' era on the main line. In the wider world hostages were taken at the Olympic Games, and President Nixon visited China.

THE REMARKABLE LIFE OF PETER TOWNSEND, THE MAN CONSIDERED TO BE THE GREAT LOVE OF PRINCESS MARGARET'S LIFE, EQUERRY TO KING GEORGE VI AND HERO OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN. 'A Royal fairy tale' Sunday Telegraph 'One of the saddest love stories of modern times' The Scotsman 'One afternoon, at Windsor Castle, when everyone had gone to London for some ceremony, we talked, in the red drawing-room, for hours - about ourselves. It was then that we made the mutual discovery of how much we meant to one another. She listened, without uttering a word, as I told her, very quietly, of my feelings. Then she simply said: "That is exactly how I feel, too." It was, to us both, an immensely gladdening disclosure, but one which sorely troubled us.' The romance between Princess Margaret and Group Captain Peter Townsend in the 1950s rocked the British Establishment, pulled at the heartstrings of a nation and brought sorrow to two intensely human individuals. In Time and Chance, Peter Townsend tells his side of the story in intensely personal terms, and places the episode within the whole context of his full and varied life, a story which includes great heroism in World War II as well as his part in one of the most publicised love stories of the twentieth century.